'Constantinople' Chronology 326 Constantine chooses Byzantium as the new capital of the Empire and renames it Constantinopolis 395 Death of Theodosius. Permanent split of the empire. Arcadius succeeds to emperor in the east. Honorius emperor of the west. 396 Alaric the Visigoth overruns Balkan peninsula. 408 Arcadius dies, Theodosius II, aged 7, succeeds him. 434 Rugila, King of the Huns, dies. Attila succeds him. 441 Attila crosses Danube and invades Thrace 443 Attila makes terms with Theodosius II 447 Attila's second invasion. 449 Attila's second peace. 450 Theodosius II dies. Marcian succeeds and stops subsidy to Attila. 453 Attila dies. Theodori II king of the Visigoths 454 Overthrow of the Hun power by the subjected barbarians 456 Aspar the Alan is 'power behind the throne' in the east 457 Marcian dies. Aspar the Alan makes Leo emperor 465 Fall of Aspar the Alan 467 Leo appoints Anthemius western Augustus 468 Leo sends great neaval expedition under Basiliscus to crush Geiseric, who destroys it 474 Leo dies, succeeded by infant Leo II. Leo II dies. Zeno the Isaurian acceeds to the throne. 475 Usurpation of Basiliscus. Zeno escapes to Asia. 476 Odoacer conquers Rome and offers to rule as viceroy of the eastern Augustus. End of western empire. 477 Fall of Basiliscus. Restoration of Zeno 478-482 War of Zeno with Ostrogoths, under Kign Theodoric the Amal and Theodoric Strabo 483 Tehodoric recognized as master of the soldiers 484 Revolt of Leontius in Syria 489 Theodoric invades Italy to supplant Odoacer 491 Odoacer, defeated, holds out at Ravenna. Anastasius succeeds Zeno 493 Odoacer capitulates and is murdered. Theodoric King of Italy, nominally viceroy 502 Persian war of Anastasius 518 Justin succeeds Anastasius to the throne 526 Theodoric dies, succeeded by Athalaric. 527 Accession and marriage of Justinian 529 Justinian's code 530 Persian incursions Victory of Belisarius at Daras. 532 Nika Riots, suppressed by Belisarius. Peace with Parthia 533 Belisarius oblitarates the Vandal Kingdom 534 Justinian's revised Code. Athalaric dies, succeeded by Theodahad 535 Belisarius in Sicily 536 Theodahad deposed and killed. Wittiges elected. Belisarius captures and holds Rome. 537 Wittiges besieges Rome, Franks invade northern Italy. 538 Wittiges buys of Franks by ceding to them the Roman Provence 539 Belasarius besieges Wittiges at Ravenna. 540 Fall of Ravenna. Belisarius leaves Italy 541 Chosroes invades Syria and sacks Antioch. Goths, led by Totila, begin reconquest of Italy. 542 General paralysis caused by the great plague 544 Belisarius sent to Italy with feeble force 545 Five years truce with Persia 546 Totila captures and evacuates Rome 547 Belisarius reoccupies Rome 548 Belisarius recalled. Totila dominates Italy 550 Justinian's troops occupy Andalusia. Third Persian War. 552 Narses sent to recover Italy. Fall of Totila at Battle of Taginae. Introduction of silk-worm from China. 553Last stand and annihilation of the Ostrogoths 554 Narses shattes a Frank invasion 555 narses rules Italy from Ravenna 561 End of Persian war 565 Deaths of Justinian and Belisarius. Justin II emperor. 566 Avars and Lombards on the Danube 568 Lombards under Alboin invade Italy 569 Birth of Mohammed 572 Persian war renewd 573 Lombards masters of northern Italy and of provinces in the south, though without a king. 578 Tiberius succeeds Justin II 582 Maurice succeeds Tiberius 584 Authari elected Lombard King 590 Gregory the Great pope. Agilulf Lombard King. 591 Accession of Chosroes II in Persia by help of Maurice. End of Persian war. 595 Wars of Maurice with Avars and others on the Danube 602 Mutiny and usurpation of Phocas, Maurice killed. 604 Death of Greagory the Great 606 Chosroes II invades Syria as avenger of Maurice. Continuous expansion of Persian power. 609 Revolt of Heraclius the elder in Africa 610 Phocas is overthrown by the Heraclius the younger. Heraclius emperor. 614 Chosroes II completes conquest of Syria by taking Jerusalem, carrying off the true cross 616 Persian conquest of Egypt 620 Persian overrun Asia Minor 621 The eastern empire devotes itself to a holy war against Parthia 622 First Persian campaign of Heraclius who splits Parthian forces of Syria and Asia Minor 623-627 Victorious campaigns of Heraclius in and beyond Mesopotamia 626 Persians and Avars besieging Constantinople are completely repulsed 627 Decisive victory of Heraclius at Nineveh. Mohammed's letter to Heraclius 628 Fall of Chosroes II. End of Persian War, all Roman possessions restored 632 Death of Mohammed. Abu Bekr First Khalif. First Syrian Expedition. 634 Roman defeat on Yermak 635 Fall of Damascus 636 Fall of Antioch. Heraclius evacuates Syria. 637 Fall of Jerusalem. 640 Amru invades Egypt 641 Heraclius dies. Constans II emperor. Amru takes Alexandria 642 Persian Empire ended at battle of Nehavend 646 Alexandira recovered and lost again. 649 Beginning of the Saracen fleet in the Mediterranean. 651 Moawiya begins invasion of Asia Minor 652 Naval victory of Abu Sarh off Alexandria 655 Naval victory of Constans II at Phoenix 658 Constans II campaigns against Slavs 659 Truce between Moawiya and Constans II 662 Constans II invades Italy 663 Constans II retires from Italy to Syracuss 664Constans II organizes campaigns in Africa 668 Constans II killed. Constantine Pogonatus emperor. Renewal of the war with Moawiya. Saracen successes in Asia Minor 673 Second siege of Constantinople. Saracens repulsed 673-677 Defeats of Saracens by Constantine 678 Moawiya forced to make peace with Constantine 681 Council of Constantinople condemns Monothelite heresy. Rome reconciled. 685 Constantine dies. Justinian II emperor. 691 Justinian II's successful campaign in Bulgaria 693 Justinian II's campaign in Cilicia 695 Justinian II deposed and exiled. Leontius emperor. 698 Saracens cinally capture Carthage. Leontius deposed Tiberius III emperor. 705 return and resoriation of Justinian II. Reign of terror to 711. 711 Philippicus kills Justinian II and usurps crown. Saracen fleet takes possession of Sardinia. 711-715 Saracens overrun Asia Minor 713 Fall of Philippicus. Anastasius II emperor. 715 Fall of Anastasius II. Theodosius III emperor. 716 Suleiman prepares grant attack on the empire. Revolt of Leo the Isaurian. 717 Theodosius III abdicates in favour of Leo III. Moslemah besieges Constantinople by sea and land. Leo III defeats fleet. 718 Saracens reinforced. Leo III shatters their fleet, crosses the Bosporus and cuts them off from the east. Bulgarians advance and defeat a Saracen army. Moslemah withdraws. Remnants of Saracen grand fleet destroyed in a storm. 719 Campaigns to expel Saracens from Asia Minor. 726 Leo III prohibits image worship, though cannot enforce edict in Italy. Violent breach with pope Gregory II. 727 Saracen defeat at Nicaea drives them from Asia Minor. 729 Exarch Eutychius marches on Rome. 730 Liutprand imposes pacification of Italy 732 Leo III's fleet for subjugation of Italy destroyed by storms. 741 Emperor Leo III succeeded by Constantine V Copronymus 753 Iconoclast Council of Constantinople 755 First Bulgar War of Consantine V 761 Constantine begins persecution of the monks 764 Second Bulgar War of Constantine 775 Leo IV succeeds Constantine V 780 Constantine VI succeeds Leo IV. Iconodule reaction under regency of Irene 784 Saracens extort tribute from Irene 786 Haround al-Raschid khalif 790 Constanine VI seizes control by coup d'état. 797 Irene deposes and blinds Constantine VI 802 Irene deposed. Nicephorus emperor. 811 Nicephorus killed on Bulgar campaign. 812 Accession of Michael. Recognition of the western Holy Roman Empire. 813 Michael deposed by Leo V the Armenian 820 Leo V assassinated. Accession of Michael II 827 Saracens of Tunis invade Sicily and begin its conquest. 829 Theophilus succeeds Michael II 831 Mamun invades Cappadocia. Beginning of prolonged was between empire and khalifate. 842 Saracens in Sicily capture Messina. Michael III the Drunkard, aged four, succeeds Theophilus. Fourteen year Regency of Theodora. 855 Michael III takes control of Constantinople 857 Michael III deposes Ignatius and makes Photius patriarch, denounced by pope Benedict III. 859 Fall of Enna completes Saracen conquest of Sicily 861 Conversion of Bulgars to Christianity 863 Pope Nicholas I excommunicates Patricarch Photius. 866 Synod at Constantinople condemns hereies of the Latin church. Permanent severance of the Latin and Greek churches. 867 Murder of Michael III. Basil the Macedonian first emperor of the Macedonian dynasty. 876 Basil takes up Saracen war in South Italy 878 Saracens take Syracuse, completing conquest of Italy 886 Leo VI the Wise succeeds Basil 912 Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus succeeds Leo VI 919 Romanus co-emperor with the boy Constantine VII 945 Romanus deposed. Constantine VII sole emperor 959 Constantine VII dies. Romanus II emperor. 961 Crete recovered from the Saracens for the empire. Syrian campaign. 963 Romanus II dies. Nicephorus Phocas emperor, with the children Basil II and Cosntantine VIII 965 Nicephorus recovers Cyprus from Saracens 968 Nicephorus recovers Antioch 969 John Zimisces murders Nicephorus II and becomes co-emperor. Russians under Sviatoslav invade Bulgaria and Thrace. 971 Zimisces defeats Russians. Russian treaty. 975 Syrian campaign of John Zimisces 976 Zimisces dies. Basil II reigns until 1025. 1014 Basil II destroys the Bulgar army 1017 Norman adventurers in Italy take part against the Byzantines in the south. 1018 End of the first Bulgar kingdom 1022 Armenian campaigns of Basil II 1025 Basil II dies. Constantine VIII sole emperor 1028 Constantine VIII dies. Zoe with Romanus II succeeds 1034 Romanus III dies. Zoe with Michael VI 1042 Michael IV dies. Zoe with Constantine IX 1054 Theodora empress at Cosntantinople 1057 Isaac Comnenus emperor 1059 Isaac Comnenus retire. Constantine X Ducas emperor. 1067 Romanus IV co-emperor with Michael VII 1071 Romanus IV defeated at Manzikert by Alp Arslan 1073 Sulayman takes Nicaea 1076 Seljuk Turks seize Jerusalem. 1077 Sultanate of Roum established at Nicaea 1078 Nicephorus II deposes Michael VII Ducas 1081 Alexius Comnenus deposes Nicephorus II Robert Guiscard besieges Durazzo and defeats Byzantines 1095 Alexius appeals to Urban II at Council of Piacenza. The First Crusade proclaimed at Council of Clermont. 1096 Crusade assemble at Constantinople 1097 Crusaders invade Asia Minor, take Nicaea, cross the Taurus, secure Edessa, besiege Antioch 1098 Crusaders take Antioch. Fatimids recapture Jerusalem from the Seljuk Turks. 1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem. Beginning of the Latin Kingdom. 1119 John II succeeds Alexius 1143 Manuel succeeds John II 1146 Second Crusade 1148 Collapse of the Second Crusade 1180 Death of Manuel. Succession of Alexius II Comnenus 1183 Usupration of Andronicus Comnenus 1185 Andronicus killed. Isaac Angelus emperor. 1187 Saladin captures Jerusalem 1189 Third Crusade 1192 Treaty of Richard and Saladin ends Third Crusade 1195 Alexius Angelus deposes Isaac. 1202 Fourth Crusade assembles at Venice, diverted at Constantinople 1203 First capture of Constantinople. Isaac 'restored'. 1204 Second capture and sack of Constantinople. Crusaders divide the spoils, Venice taking the lion's share. Baldwin of Flanders emperor 1205 Baldwin killed in Bulgarian war. Henry of Flanders succeeds. 1206 Theodore Lascaris Greek emperor at Nicaea 1216 Death of Henry of Flanders. Accession of Peter of Courtenay 1222 John III Ducas emperor at Nicaea 1229 John of Brienne joint emperor with Baldwin II of Courtenay at Constantinople 1237 Advance of John III Ducas in Thrace. Death of John of Brienne 1246 John III Ducas takes Thessalonica 1254 Death of John III Ducas. 1259 Usurpation of the crown by Michael VIII 1261 Michael VIII captures Constantinople, restoring Greek and ending Latin empire. 1282 Andronicus II succeeds Michael VII 1288 Ottoman Turks in Asia Minor under Othman 1303 Andronicus II takes into his service Grand Company of Catalans 1328 Death of Andronicus II. Accession of Andronicus III 1341 Andronicus II dies, succeeded by John V 1347 John Cantacuzenus joint emperor 1354 Cantacuzenus abdicates. John V sole emperor. Turks occupy Gallipoli 1361 Turks capture Adrianople 1391 Accession of Manuel II 1425 Manuel II dies. Accession of John VI 1148 John VI dies. Accession of Constantine XI 1451 Accession of Mohammed the Conqueror in the east 1453 Fall of Constantinople to Mohammed the Conqueror. Death of Constantine XI.